As a qualitative researcher, you wear many hats.
For any given project, you need to:
- Read widely and have a thorough grasp on what’s happening in your field
- Understand and choose between research methodologies
- Come up with a focused yet flexible research question
- Manage the paper-work involved in getting research approved
- Organize a timetable and potentially manage team members
- Design the research; including data collection, management, coding and analysis
- Recruit and manage participants
All of the above are done before doing a single interview.
Much of this work is procedural or administrative and tends to be a conversation between you and your computer. It requires efficiency, organization and a methodical approach.
But when it comes to interviewing flesh and blood participants, you need to switch gears and focus on social skills like active listening, rapport and empathy. The transition can be a little daunting and it pays to be prepared.
These simple strategies will get you up to speed in no time:
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Make a Plan
Start out by creating an interview guide. This guide spells out the questions or type of questions you want to ask.
It provides a space to think carefully about your overarching research goals and the data you need to support them. It also helps you avoid “awkward, poorly timed, intrusive questions that you may fill with unexamined preconceptions”. (Charmaz, 2014, Kindle Location: 2116)
The guide shouldn’t stifle productive conversation. A focused approach to questioning can pay off when it comes time to analyze the results.
Ask the right kind of questions
Not all questions are created equal.
During a qualitative interview, you want to elicit detailed and thoughtful responses, so try to:
- Ask open-ended questions – “What attracted you to this area?” rather than “Did the lifestyle attract you to this area?”
- Avoid leading questions – “How did you feel about the treatment?” rather than “How good was the treatment?”
- Encourage story-telling – “Tell me about that day” or “Can you describe that process?”
- Acknowledge emotion – “You seem passionate about that issue; can you tell me more?” or “That seems to upset you, can we explore it further?”
- Avoid interrogation – instead of making the participant defensive by asking “Why did you do it that way?” try “Can you take me through your decision process?”
Practice
Run a pilot interview with a friend or colleague. This can help you gauge the effect of different questioning styles.
Consider recording the pilot interview to evaluate your own performance. Are you listening and responding in ways that encourage participation and elaboration? Do you interrupt too often or have any annoying verbal tics? Ask your pilot participant for honest feedback and take it on board.
Also, practice active listening in your day-to-day conversations. See if you can keep your ego in check and really focus on what the other person is saying.
Use active listening techniques
Active listening means giving the participant your full attention:
- Make eye-contact, nod, smile and lean-in attentively.
- Don’t fiddle with your phone, computer or other device.
- Use occasional and well-timed verbal encouragement like ‘Uh huh’, ‘yes’ and ‘I see’.
- Paraphrase your participant’s words and reflect them back…”So what you’re saying is…”
- Refer to something your participant said earlier – this shows you are paying attention and is a good way to seek clarification or keep the interview on track.
- Avoid interrupting or completing your participant’s sentences.
- Give participants time to think and embrace the productive pause.
- Be prepared to challenge inconsistencies.
- Stay in the moment – don’t spend time planning what you’re going to say next.
- Assess what you’re hearing to make sure there is enough detail but don’t mentally criticize or judge.
- Strive for empathy – let go of preconceived ideas and try to understand your participant’s unique perspective.
Remember that your job is to listen, not to educate, correct, console, advise or commiserate.
Listen between the lines
While you’re engaged in active listening you also need to aim for a “deeper understanding that deconstructs and challenges the surface account.” (Bazeley, 2013, p. 203)
Pay attention to body language and the words your participant is using to describe their experience.
During an interview, participants might be on their best behaviour and use words like “challenging” and “fascinating” when they really mean “totally impossible” and “it makes no sense at all”.
Seidman calls this the “outer voice” and you need to be on the lookout for it. (Seidman, 2013, Kindle Location: 1758)
By developing a sensitivity to the language of your participants and the effect that the interview process has on their responses, you’ll know when it’s appropriate to dig deeper.
Consider the setting
What do Jerry Seinfeld, James Corden and parents of surly teens have in common?
They appreciate the beauty of a car-based interview.
Subjects can feel more relaxed sitting beside you than facing you across a meeting room table. Other contexts can work too - Annabel Crabb interviews politicians in the kitchen while they cook and Louis Theroux talks to his participants as they go about their daily lives.
While it’s not always practical, you may want to consider alternative settings for your interviews. Particularly if you’re working with kids or participants from cultures where continuous eye-contact may be problematic.
Respect participants
This may seem like a no-brainer but respect can easily get lost in the excitement of data gathering. Make sure you:
- Handle issues of informed consent and tell participants how the results will be shared.
- Keep things formal until you get more familiar with a participant; ask if you can use their first name, hold the door, offer a cup of tea, don’t sit until they are seated - all hallmarks of common courtesy but they go a long way to developing trust and rapport.
- Ask delicate or difficult questions by prefacing them with “May I ask you” or “Is it ok if we talk about…”.
- Be conscious of and sensitive to issues of race, gender, age and power.
Keep control of the interview
Conducting a great interview is a delicate balancing act.
It requires active listening, empathy and a detective’s instinct. At the same time, it demands that you keep track of time, stay focused and respond to shifts in energy.
Luckily, you’re a qualitative researcher and swapping hats is what you do best!
What do you think makes a great interview? We’d love to hear your tips, ideas or experiences in the comments below.
NVivo can help you organize and analyze your interview data.
References
Charmaz, Kathy. Constructing Grounded Theory (Introducing Qualitative Methods series) (Kindle Locations 2121-2122). SAGE Publications. Kindle Edition.
Seidman, Irving. Interviewing as Qualitative Research: A Guide for Researchers in Education and the Social Sciences, 4th Ed. Teachers College Press. Kindle Edition.
Bazeley, Patricia. Qualitative Data Analysis: Practical Strategies (p. 203). SAGE Publications. Kindle Edition.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Kath McNiff
Kath McNiff is on a mission to help researchers deliver robust, evidence-based results. If they’re drowning in a sea of data (or floods of tears) she wants to throw them an NVivo-shaped life raft. As an Online Community Manager at QSR, she knows that peers make the best teachers. So, through The NVivo Blog, Twitter and LinkedIn, she shares practical advice and connects researchers so they can help each other. When she’s not busy writing blog posts, swapping stories on social media or training the latest tribe of NVivo users, she can be found wrestling four feisty offspring for control of the remote.